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Abstract

Learners approach learning tasks with varying degrees of confidence and their confidence may influence the prospectsا of progress and success. The main purpose of the investigations reported in this thesis was to explore confidence in relation to learning, in the context of education in Saudi Arabia,

Confidence is an elusive concept but it can affect many areas of life. The study starts by exploring what is meant by confidence, specifically in an educational setting, and then moves on to consider how experiences held in memory relate to the formation and development of confidence. In thinking of confidence, it is suggested that confidence can be seen, at least in part, as an attitude towards oneself.

attempt to explore several aspects of confidence to see to what extent confidence is a generic characteristic. Academic confidence might be related to specific cognitive characteristics.

Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to establish some kind of measure of the validity of the questionnaires. Working memory capacity was measured using the digits span backwards test while examination and test data The overall aim was to obtain a picture of the nature of confidence and to see how this was related to other attributes (which were also measured by survey) and to performance (as measured by formal examinations).

The key observation is that academic performance. In that working memory is a well established, it might be thought that that working memory capacity might be a factor in enhancing confidence but, in the context of the sample of female students used in this study, this was not found to be so.

Students were asked to look at themselves in the learning process, to indicate their preferred styles of learning and assessment but, in general few aspects seem to show any strong relationship with the development of academic confidence. in fact, better performers as measured by examinations. Thus, students seem to be appropriately self-aware. Also, the importance of tests and examinations was seen and  it did appear that results from these were a major feature of confidence growth.

Attitudes to learning (following the Perry model, 1999) also tend not correlate significantly with academic performance although there is a hint that assessment might be important. Aspects of learning style, purposes of learning, evaluation in examinations, group-working skills and academic self-perception showed few clear patterns in relation to confidence. The strong overall impression is that preferred curriculum approaches are not very important in developing confidence although the influence of the subject teacher may be very important. Also it seems to be an innate human

Although not the main purpose of the study, the patterns of results from the many questionnaires revealed major deficiencies in the Saudi education system as seen by the learners and offers an agenda for change for the future. There seemed to be an expressed interest in more opportunities for thinking (rather than memorising), for questioning, creativity and working in groups.

 the key feature underpinning confidence lies in simple success (reflected in speed of learning, understanding, and examination success).  Thus, confidence makes it possible for students to enjoy the challenges of further learning, to take risks and to take risks in a social learning situation like group work. Perhaps the most remarkable thing is the lack of features which correlate with measures of academic confidence. 

Any attempt to find some kind of insight into a way of teaching and learning which generates increased confidence is not easy from the data. Perhaps, different students prefer different ways and this hides any significant correlations overall. Perhaps, also, the students are so accustomed to a system which offers information in quantity and provides rewards only to those who can recall it accurately  that this hides other possibilities for these students.

The one thing that stands out is that success seems to lead to confidence. The fundamental question is how to offer success to those who are not so good at formal examinations based on recall. If success is so dependent on this and confidence is not related much to other aspects, then there is a real danger that the examination system will generate a population where many are unsuccessful. The system might be leading to a destruction of confidence. It does not seem to be the style of examination but the fact of success in examinations which is an important determinant of confidence. The samples considered were drawn from those who had been successful at school. Further studies might focus on those who were not so successful.